九一八事變|穆家駿 (穆sir) 講故 in Cantonese
The Mukden Incident, or Manchurian Incident, was an event staged by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria.
On 18 September 1931, Lt. Suemori Kawamoto of the Independent Garrison Unit of the 29th Japanese Infantry Regiment (独立守備隊) detonated a small quantity of dynamite close to a railway line owned by Japan's South Manchuria Railway near Mukden (now Shenyang). The explosion was so weak that it failed to destroy the track, and a train passed over it minutes later. The Imperial Japanese Army accused Chinese dissidents of the act and responded with a full invasion that led to the occupation of Manchuria, in which Japan established its puppet state of Manchukuo six months later. The deception was exposed by the Lytton Report of 1932, leading Japan to diplomatic isolation and its March 1933 withdrawal from the League of Nations.
The bombing act is known as the Liutiaohu Incident (柳條湖事變), and the entire episode of events is known in Japan as the Manchurian Incident (滿洲事變, Shinjitai) and in China as the September 18 Incident (九一八事變).
九一八事變是指1931年9月18日在中國東北爆發的一次軍事衝突和政治事件,衝突雙方是中國國民革命軍東北邊防軍和日本關東軍。日本軍隊炸毀自己控制的南滿鐵路,藉口稱中國軍隊所為,因此侵佔瀋陽。9月18日,駐瀋陽東北軍多次向正在北平的東北軍領導張學良報告受襲,張多次下令「不抵抗」。19日及隨後幾天,張與包括諜報的其它方面多次向最高統帥蔣介石報告受襲,蔣多次下令避免衝突。因此東北軍未能有組織地抵抗日軍的進逼,三個月之內,日本關東軍侵佔東北三省全境,1932年3月1日日本建立傀儡政權滿洲國。九一八事變爆發後,日本國會和以總理大臣(首相)為首的日本內閣權力下降,日本軍部主戰派地位上升,中日矛盾激化。日本隨後不久即進軍佔領熱河省,並開始滲透華熱北地區。蔣寄希望於「國際公理之判斷」,國際聯盟受中國申訴後曾前來調查,而國際聯盟本為國際協調機構,非凌駕於各國的權力機構,且英法當時本為殖民國家若指責日本將波及自身,蘇聯之前與東北軍有隙不願多言,美國同意有限的經濟制裁,只有眾多現今第三世界國家積極反對日本行為提供聲援,蔣對當時國際形勢也是心知肚明,最後國際聯盟的舉措以次年3月27日迫使日本退出了結。
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九一八事變在中國大陸被史學家視為十四年抗戰的開始,而9月18日則被國民政府視為「國恥日」。現每年9月18日中國的各大城市會鳴防空警報以警醒後人。Wikipedia
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Wales-Norway-Iceland 威爾士-挪威-冰島
Water Towns in China 江南水鄉
Pacific Islands 大溪地 - 夏威夷
Waterways of the Czars 俄羅斯
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